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Method & Data |
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Indicators and
countries |
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The
indicators included in the Scoreboard
are selected to
permit intercountry comparisons,
regarding both the
potential and the
performance of emerging economies
as locations for global production
activities. |
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Our selection of
emerging
economies comprises
the
25 leading exporters of manufactures among the countries chosen by
The Economist for its Emerging Market
Indicators
(with adaptations made for export performance). |
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Description of indicators |
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Labour
cost: Index, hourly
wage cost (South Korea = 100.0) |
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Wage index is based on labour
cost data (collected by UBS) for 14 widespread professions in major
agglomerations. Index values are weighted by the share of each
occupation in overall employment. |
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Labour cost
is defined to
include (a) holiday and vacation pay, and (b) taxes and social
security contributions by the employer. |
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Data source: UBS (Prices and Earnings,
March 2008). |
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Skill
base: Availability of skilled manpower in
the labour
force |
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Metric
is based on
Harbinson-Myers Index
values for enrolement
in secondary and tertiary education. |
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Index
values are converted to score values
(from
0.000 to 1.000). |
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Data source: UNESCO (Statistical
Databases) |
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R&D
capacity: Potential for technological development
activity |
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Metric
is based on indices of (a) R&D spending per capita by enterprises
(weight = 0.50) and (b) the number of
internatonal patents per capita (weight = 0.50). |
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Values of individual
indices
are first
normalised and then converted to composite score values
(from 0.000 to 1.000). |
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Data sources: UNESCO (Statistical
Databases), US Patent and Trademark Office, CIA World Fact Book |
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Infrastructure: Availability of
'basic' and
'modern'
infrastructure |
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Metric is based on indices of (a) paved roads
as a share of total roads
(weight = 0.25), (b)
energy
use
per capita (weight =
0.25), and (c)
the availability of a telecom
infrastructure (weight = 0.50). |
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Values of individual
indices
are first
normalised and then converted to composite score values
(from 0.000 to 1.000). |
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Data sources: WEF (Global
Competitiveness Report), World Bank (World Development Indicators) |
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Government: Contribution to an environment
supporting international
business activity |
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Metric is based on indices of (a) macroeconomic stability (weight =
0.40), (b) market openness (unimpeded
cross-border
flows
of goods and capital;
property rights protection;
weight = 0.30),
and (c) 'rule of law' (absence of
corruption;
weight = 0.30). |
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Values of individual
indices
are first
normalised and then converted to composite score values
(from 0.000 to 1.000). |
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Data sources: Heritage Foundation,
Transparency International, WEF (Global Competitiveness Report) |
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Industrial capability |
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Metric is based on the following
Scoreboard indicators: Skill base; R&D capacity; Infrastructure;
Government. |
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It is calculated as the arithmetic
mean of indicator values (converted to score values from
0.000 to 1.000). |
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Export
growth: Average annual rate of growth (%) in
the export of
manufactures |
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Metric is based
on the value of manufactured
exports. It
is
calculated
as the compound annual rate of growth
(over the last four years for which data is available). |
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Data source: UNSD (International Trade
Statistics Database) |
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High-tech exports: Share (%) of
'high tech' products in
total manufactured
exports |
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Metric
is based on a classification of products by level of technology,
employed by UNIDO. |
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'High-tech' products comprise: complex electrical
and electronic (incl. telecommunications) products; aerospace;
precision instruments; fine chemicals; and pharmaceuticals. |
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Data source: UNSD (International Trade
Statistics Database) |
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Specialisation: Strength of a
country’s specialisation in the export of Sector X products |
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Metric is calculated as
an index, reflecting the weight of
Sector X
in a country's
exports (relative to that of all emerging economies). |
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Data source: UNSD (International Trade
Statistics Database) |
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Definition of commodity groups (in: SITC, Revision 3) |
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Manufactures: SITC Sections 5 – 8, minus Division 68 |
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Automotive: SITC Division 78, minus Groups 785 and 786 |
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Industrial chemicals: SITC Divisions
51, 52 and 57 |
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Electronics: SITC Divisions 75 – 77 |
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Machinery: SITC Divisions 71 – 74 |
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Textiles & clothing: SITC Divisions 65 and 84 |
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Principal data sources |
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CIA, World
Fact Book |
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Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic
Freedom Rankings |
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ILO,
International Labour Statistics Yearbook |
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IMD,
World Competitiveness Yearbook |
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OECD, Main
Science and Technology Indicators |
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Transparency International, Corruption
Perception Index |
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UBS,
Prices and Earnings Around the Globe |
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UNCTAD,
World Investment Report |
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UNESCO,
Statistical
Databases |
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UNIDO, Industrial Development
Report |
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UNSD,
International Trade Statistics
Database |
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US
Bureau of Labor Statistics, International
Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs for Production Workers in
Manufacturing |
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US
Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Counts
by Country and Year |
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WEF,
Global Competitiveness Report |
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World
Bank, Competitiveness Indicators |
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World
Bank, World Development Indicators |
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WTO,
International Trade Statistics |
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